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Ask yourself someThey can do an additionalThey'll handle your.http://www.newyorktamilsangam.org/asuserfiles/caldina-service-manual.xml The technical content is guidance from an energy perspective and extra information is available elsewhere in the CIBSE Guides and other sources listed in the bibliographies at the end of each section. The Guide also complements energy efficiency publications provided under the Carbon Trust s Action Energy programme (formerly the Energy Efficiency Best Practice programme). The CIBSE has had a long and productive relationship with the Best Practice Programme and I am pleased that this relationship continues under the Action Energy banner. The importance and relevance of Guide F has been given added emphasis because of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive which came into force on 4 January This Directive will give public profile to the energy efficiency performance of buildings across the UK. It will raise awareness of how energy efficient different buildings really are. Prospective owners and occupiers will, for the first time, be able to compare one building with another and see what could be done to bring energy efficiency performance up to the standards of the best. The Directive should help stimulate substantial increases in investments in energy efficiency measures in all buildings both commercial and domestic. The environmental prize for the application of the good design and management principles set out in this Guide is huge. It is estimated that around 22 of the present energy consumed in buildings can be saved by This challenge is reflected in the CIBSE Energy Policy Statement included in Appendix A1. I should like to thank the members of the Guide F Revision Steering Committee, see below, who put in many hours of work doing research, reading drafts and providing comments and suggestions.https://www.interactivelearnings.com/forum/selenium-using-c/topic/15771/bose-lifestyle-28-media-center-manual Barry Hutt Chairman, Guide F Revision Steering Committee Guide F Revision Steering Committee Barry Hutt (Chairman) John Field (Target Energy Services) Debbie Hobbs (Faber Maunsell) Tony Johnson (BRE) John Palmer (Faber Maunsell) Alan Watson (Secretary) Revision author and technical editor (second edition) Phil Jones (Building Energy Solutions) Copy editors Ken Butcher Justin Rowe Energy Division) The Institution gratefully acknowledges the work of the authors and contributors to the first edition of Guide F, published in 1998, which forms the basis of this second edition. Extracts from Crown copyright publications are reproduced by permission under licence number C02W Foreword to the first edition This is the first time that the CIBSE has endeavoured to bring together in one volume a range of information related entirely to energy efficiency in buildings. Energy plays a part in all aspects of building services and this is reflected in most of the Institution s publications. It is perhaps surprising that, until now, there has been no CIBSE Guide which deals exclusively with the many facets of energy efficiency in buildings. This publication seeks to fill that gap and at the same time confirm the Institution s dedication to energy conservation and the preservation of the environment. This volume in the series of CIBSE Guides is essentially a reference book, which also identifies other documents dealing with the various topics in more detail. It is not intended that it should be read from beginning to end in one go, but rather that the reader can consult a section that is of particular interest in respect of the project in hand. Those involved in the production of this Guide have recognised that the content cannot cover every aspect of what is, after all, a very extensive and sometimes controversial subject.http://addi800.com/images/brother-ps-1250-manual.pdf There will, however, be opportunities in the future to up-date the content in order to deal with further subjects and areas of concern, as well as covering new developments. D D Lawrence Chairman, CIBSE Energy Publications Joint Steering Committee, March 1998 Acknowledgements (first edition) The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers gratefully acknowledges the support and funding provided for the development of this CIBSE Guide by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. This support was provided as part of the Department s Energy Efficiency Best Practice programme managed on behalf of the Department by the Building Research Energy Conservation Support Unit (BRECSU) at the Building Research Establishment (BRE). The BRECSU project managers were Colin Lillicrap, Chris Hall and Tony Johnson and many other BRE staff contributed to the guide. The following principles have been developed from the CIBSE policy statement on energy, see Appendix A1.1, and provide a framework for engineers to put the policy into practice. Where possible, building services engineers should make every effort to follow the principles shown below. Principle Measures for implementation of principle Relevant section(s) of Guide F Part A: Part B: Part C: Designing the Operating and Benchmarks building upgrading the building Integrated building design Design the most energy efficient buildings and services 2 to possible. Provide holistic designs which are responsive to the external climate whilst still meeting the needs of the occupants. The energy efficient brief Ensure the client s brief includes energy efficient criteria and 2 20 targets for all buildings, new or refurbished. Review the project in relation to these targets and criteria as the design progresses. Benchmarking Compare designs and in-use performance of buildings with 2 to appropriate benchmarks to ensure that best practice energy efficiency is being achieved.https://plenar.hr/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628d9312334a5---carrier-apac-manual.pdf The integrated design team Work with other members of the design team in order to 2 optimise building energy performance. Reduce demand Keep energy demand to a minimum through careful design 2 to 13 of built form and services using renewable energy sources, ambient energy and passive solutions. Make every effort to avoid the need for air conditioning. Design for operation Design for commissionability, maintainability and manageability 2 to 13 bykeeping solutions simple and eliminating potential failure pathways. Optimise plant Select the most efficient plant, using certified or otherwise 7 to independently verified product performance data, and ensure that plant and equipment are not oversized. Use effective controls Introduce energy efficient controls which operate systems 6 to efficiently, safely and economically, whilst still allowing individual occupants to alter their own comfort levels, but avoiding systems defaulting to on. Ensure complete handover Ensure that building services are properly commissioned and 14 handed over to managers, operators and occupants. Improve operation Encourage energy efficient operation of buildings through 15 to management, policy, maintenance, monitoring and control. Understanding the building Provide managers, engineers, operators and occupants with suitable documentation to ensure they understand the design intention and how the buildings are meant to function. Monitoring and feedback Develop a strong element of feedback to improve understanding 13, from previous good and bad experience related to these principles. Introduce appropriate metering to improve information and to detect faults rapidly. Build-in energy efficiency Always consider introducing energy efficient technologies 3 to throughout the design and upgrade processes but avoid unnecessary complications. Seek opportunities for improving existing buildings during operation, maintenance, alteration and refurbishment.www.fotografiacantero.com/fotografia_userfiles/files/canopus-1000-manual.pdf Environmental impact Minimise adverse effects on the external environment. Minimise 3 to emissions and select environmentally friendly materials and fuels, utilising renewable sources as much as possible. There is, therefore, no conflict between energy efficiency and comfort. Hence, energy efficiency can be combined with other aspects of sound engineering practice, as set out in the other CIBSE Guides. This document is primarily targeted at building services engineers and takes an holistic approach to designing and operating buildings. The early sections will also be useful to other members of the design team including architects and surveyors. The latter sections should also be useful to other building professionals such as energy managers, facilities managers, developers, clients, property agents and occupiers. Sections of particular relevance to each reader are shown in 1.2. This document covers opportunities for achieving energy efficiency and complements existing guidance by CIBSE and others. It refers readers to more detailed guidance including the Carbon Trust s Action Energy programme. It does not cover process energy or detailed design methods. Although it concentrates on non-domestic buildings, much of the information is also relevant to the domestic sector. The document promotes an holistic approach to design by recognising that there is a strong interaction between the building envelope, heating and cooling systems, lighting, etc. The overall design intent should always be considered before implementing individual measures. 1.1 Energy efficiency drivers Buildings consume nearly half the energy used in the UK. All building professionals have a responsibility to reduce this through good practice.https://www.gsccn.it/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628d931936fe1---Carrier-aire-acondicionado-manual-pdf.pdf Tangible benefits from energy efficiency ranging from the individual to the national level are: improved design and operation of buildings better working environments life-cycle cost savings environmental: mainly through reduced emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and reduced consumption of finite fossil fuels. Energy efficiency is a key performance measurement in most environmental management systems (EMS) added market value of buildings, when energy efficiency is perceived as a significant benefit by developers and letting agents National energy use The energy bill for most existing commercial and public buildings could be reduced by at least 20 using measures regarded as cost effective by most common investment criteria. New buildings and major refurbishment represent even greater potential. New low-energy buildings consume 50 less energy than similar existing buildings and 20 less than typical new buildings. Typical energy breakdowns for various types of building are shown in section 20 and in the Action Energy s Energy Consumption Guides (2). Electricity consumption is rising in many existing buildings, often due to increased amounts of office equipment, and sometimes air conditioning to remove internal heat gains emanating from this office equipment. Although small, it is hoped that the current trend in new-build toward more passive solutions, improved design integration and more efficient engineering systems may mitigate this rising trend Environmental issues Burning fossil fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution, resulting in a wide range of damage both to the environment and public health, see CIBSE policy statement on global warming, Appendix A1.4. Increased atmospheric concentration of CO 2 caused by burning fossil fuels is Solid fuels 1 Figure 1.4 UK CO 2 emissions from energy use in non-domestic buildings by fuel in 2000 (1) increasing global temperature (3,4). Improving energy efficiency will help reduce global warming.https://www.costaverde.it/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628d931fb3feb---carrier-apu-repair-manual.pdf Burning fossil fuels also results in emissions of SO x and NO x, both of which contribute to acid rain. The efficiency of electricity production in most thermal power stations is typically between 30 and 50. The consumption of electricity can therefore lead to two to three times the CO 2 emissions per delivered unit of energy than the consumption of fossil fuels. Under the Kyoto protocol, the UK government is committed to reducing the emission of CO 2 to 12.5 below 1990 levels by the year 2010, and have set a more stringent internal target to reduce it by 20 by UK CO 2 emissions from energy use in non-domestic buildings are shown by fuel type in Figure 1.4 and by end use in Figure 1.5. These could be reduced by roughly 20 through the introduction of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. The government has therefore published a strategy to achieve these reductions (5) covering a wide range of. Wider environmental issues related to buildings and building services are covered in BSRIA s Environmental Code of Practice (10). Cooling and ventilation 5 Computers 4 Heating 41 Legislation and codes of practice There is an increasing level of legislation addressing energy and environmental issues. Catering 12 Process 3 Other 5 Lighting 23 Figure 1.5 UK CO 2 emissions from energy use in non-domestic buildings by end use in 2000 policies, some of which have a direct impact on the buildings industry: Taxation: the Climate Change Levy was introduced in 2001 and effects almost all non domestic buildings. It is a fiscally neutral tax as most is returned in the form of reduced National Insurance contributions from employers. A proportion is used to support the Action Energy programme, additional research and development and financial support for energy efficient technologies (see below).forwardparcel.com/userfiles/files/canoo-manual.pdf Financial support: enhanced capital allowances (ECAs) provide a tax incentive to encourage the purchase of energy efficient technologies as defined on the energy efficiency technology list ( This covers a wide range of technologies including good quality CHP, boilers, lighting, variable speed drives, refrigeration, pipework insulation and wide range of controls. This sets out a new objective of reducing carbon emissions by 60 by It also makes a commitment that a further update to Building Regulations Part L will be introduced by 2005, which will include implementation of the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9), see section Where possible, building professionals should use more sustainable materials when designing and upgrading buildings. Building Regulations Approved Document L (2002) (7), and its equivalents for Scotland (12) and Northen Ireland (13), offer various means for meeting these requirements. These include: limiting the heat loss and gains through the fabric of new and refurbished buildings providing space heating and hot water systems which are energy efficient providing lighting systems with appropriate lamps and sufficient controls so that energy can be used efficiently limiting exposure to solar overheating making provisions where air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems are installed, so that no more energy needs to be used than is reasonable in the circumstances providing sufficient information so that the building can be operated and maintained in such a manner as to use no more energy than is reasonable in the circumstances. The Regulations have also been extended to include significant changes to controlled services and fittings in existing buildings, e.g. boiler replacement situations. The wide ranging nature of the 2002 requirements will have a significant effect on energy efficiency of all new buildings and on the existing UK building stock. The European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9) will be highly influential in the future. This Directive requires (by January 2006) member states to implement: a common methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings minimum standards on energy performance of new and some existing buildings certification schemes when buildings are constructed sold or rented out, with public display of energy performance certificates in public service buildings and buildings frequented by the public specific inspection and assessment of boilers and air conditioning systems. A CIBSE Briefing summarises the requirements of this directive (14). However, this law has not been rigorously enforced because, in some circumstances, it reduces the comfort of occupants. Although not statutory, BS 8207: Code of practice for energy efficiency in buildings (16) makes recommendations for achieving energy efficient performance in buildings. It considers both design and operation and provides a framework which can be applied to new designs or to refurbishment. It also highlights the timing of critical design decisions in relation to the RIBA Plan of Work (17). BS EN ISO 14001: Environmental management systems (18) encourages energy efficiency, as it requires monitoring of any significant environmental impact and a commitment to its reduction. Energy is normally the most significant factor in EMSs in buildings. The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) (19) is a non-statutory means of judging buildings against environmental targets and standards The role of building professionals Rethinking Construction (20) ( The Egan Report ) said that the construction industry must change significantly in order to meet the needs of clients and government. Amongst other things, the report urged: a quality driven agenda with integrated teams and processes integration of design and production a culture of performance measurement and continuous improvement in seven areas: cost, time, predictability, defects, accidents, productivity and profitability. The issues raised have a significant impact on energy efficiency and, if implemented, should help to improve buildings in this respect. Conversely, focussing on improving energy efficiency in buildings necessitates and often results in many Egan outcomes. e.g. greater integration of teams and processes, integration of design and production and a culture of performance measurement. Energy efficiency plays a central role in achieving better buildings, leading to improved occupant satisfaction and productivity. For these reasons, all building professionals should make energy efficiency a key part of their professional activities. They should always encourage clients, owners and operators to include energy efficiency in the brief at all stages in a building s life whether designing, operating or upgrading. Clients and financiers should be made aware of the investment case for energy efficiency. Building professionals should help clients to develop a brief which sets out both user and client requirements and constraints, balancing these against capital costs, running costs, whole life costs and environmental objectives. Integrating energy into a clear brief is particularly necessary in projects carried out under Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) where additional competition for investment can sometimes lead to a lowering of standards. Building professionals will benefit by: providing an added-value service to their clients by improving their buildings reducing plant capital cost, particularly where mechanical cooling has been avoided or minimised enhancing the standing of all building professionals by improving occupants use and perception of buildings increasing building marketability by promoting buildings as assets in which to invest obtaining repeat work through satisfied customers. The overall goal is better buildings and this can often be achieved by focussing on energy efficiency. Recent work (21,22) has indicated that buildings that are designed and managed in an energy efficient way can be more comfortable and their staff more productive, making investment in good energy efficient design and management even more cost effective to a client organisation. 1.2 How to use this Guide Structure This Guide starts by setting out an overall framework for energy efficiency within which the building professional has the freedom to design, operate or upgrade a building. The principles of energy efficiency stated at the front of this Guide are broadly based on the CIBSE policy statement on energy, see Appendix A1.1, and aim to help professionals put the policy into practice. The main body of this Guide is divided into three parts as shown in Figure 1.6. Part A: Designing the building: consists of sections 2 to 14 and deals with new buildings and major refurbishment. Part B: Operating and upgrading the building: consists of sections 15 to 19 and covers the management and maintenance of buildings, highlighting measures that can be retrofitted in existing buildings. The reader is referred back to Part A where there is a large element of design. Part C: Benchmarks: consists of section 20 and provides typical and good practice energy benchmarks for a wide range of buildings, components and end-uses. A diagram at the top of the first page of each section indicates the relationship of that section to the rest of the Guide. The first section in each part provides a strategic overview of the process being covered. The last two sections in each part help check that the main options have been considered and that the final outcome meets expectations. The sections of this Guide particularly relevant to readers Appendix A3 considers the role of energy consultants and provides model briefs for commissionins energy audits and surveys. Useful websites are listed in Appendix A Investing in energy efficiency Some organisations are now investing in energy efficiency to directly improve their overall environmental performance. This is usually in response to an overall environmental policy laid down by senior management or as a result of government initiatives in the public sector. The benefits of measuring and reporting environmental performance against targets can also significantly enhance corporate image which may influence future investors. Although environmental reasons are strong, in practice cost savings usually drive energy efficiency. This Guide therefore concentrates on cost effective measures. Well-managed organisations tend to re-invest some of the savings in further energy-efficiency measures, setting up a snowball effect. Additional investment may also be justified for environmental reasons e.g. emissions trading. Energy efficiency measures should generally be considered in their order of economic payback, complexity and ease of application. Investment in energy efficiency should be treated on the same basis as any other financial decision, and should have no more onerous conditions placed upon it than any other investment. A variety of financial appraisal methods can be used to assess the viability of energy saving measures (see 18.8). Assessments should always take into account the wider benefits such as improvements in comfort and the environment. This can be achieved using a life-cycle approach. Energy efficient buildings need cost no more to build than conventional buildings. The integration of the fabric and services design can present opportunities to reduce capital cost. For example, the cost of external shading can be offset by minimising or avoiding air conditioning plant. Have clients requirements and investment criteria been satisfied. Have original environmental targets been met? e.g. BREEAM Have life cycle cost targets been achieved. DESIGN INTEGRATION Will the fabric and services work well together. Will individual services operate without conflict. Has every effort been made to minimise requirements for services. Has every effort been made to include renewables. Can thermal storage, heat recovery, free cooling be used to minimise services further. Has natural ventilation been optimised to minimise services. Has daylight been optimised to minimise services. BUILDING FABRIC Is this the optimum site layout to improve orientation, shading and footprint. Is this the best building orientation. Is this the optimum shape. Is this the most appropriate thermal response? e.g. heavyweight or lightweight Is this the optimum level of insulation. Is this the optimum percentage fenestration. Are the windows the most appropriate design for this situation. VENTILATION Has every effort been made to use a natural ventilation strategy. If natural ventilation is not possible, can a mixed-mode approach be used. If mixed-mode is not possible then has every effort been made to use efficient air conditioning. Has night cooling been considered. Where mechanical plant is essential, is it the most efficient possible. Is ductwork designed to give low pressure drops. Does the ventilation design have effective controls including VSDs, good zoning and local user controls. Can supply temperatures be raised. Have free cooling, thermal storage and heat recovery been considered.