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why men marry bitches a womans guide to winning her mans heart sherry argovThis new version has been extensively updated from the 1993 version and includes all of the many changes that have taken place in the HVAC industry. The manual provides fundamentals and procedures for balancing air systems. SMACNA says The revised edition presents the basic fundamentals, methods, and procedures, including the necessary tables and charts, to adequately balance a complete HVAC system. Subjects covered include motor operation, fan curves, pump curves, and fluid flow losses in ducts, fittings, pipes and air terminals. In addition, variable frequency drives, direct digital control systems, lab hood exhaust balancing, and balancing equipment and procedures are presented. It features more than 2,100 leading manufacturers and suppliers from across the world that are exhibiting at the show. Jan 09, 2019 To view the AHR 2019 At-A-Glance: Advanced Planning Guide to the 71st International Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigerating EXPO, click here. All rights reserved. We look forward to seeing you in Maui this October! Volunteer with SMACNA. Take action on SMACNA's legislative priorities. Ignite Your Career. During the website redesign many files, documents, and pages were moved. Other pages were consolidated or retired. See the sitemap to review the new structure of the website or use the new search. We're happy to help you find what you're looking for. Use this form to let us know how we can help. Some are essential to make our site work; others help us improve the user experience. By using the site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Allows contractors to supervise the balancing of any system. Citation: Non-ASHRAE Book. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required.http://www.geconte.pt/fotos/bush-rf6685vpl-manual.xml
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Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. We look forward to seeing you in Maui this October! Volunteer with SMACNA. Take action on SMACNA's legislative priorities. Ignite Your Career. During the website redesign many files, documents, and pages were moved. Other pages were consolidated or retired. See the sitemap to review the new structure of the website or use the new search. We're happy to help you find what you're looking for. Use this form to let us know how we can help. Some are essential to make our site work; others help us improve the user experience. By using the site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. We look forward to seeing you in Maui this October! Volunteer with SMACNA. Take action on SMACNA's legislative priorities. Ignite Your Career. ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, has accredited SMACNA as a standards-setting organization.The request must pertain to a specifically identified portion of a SMACNA technical document that does not involve published text which already provides the requested information. In considering such requests, SMACNA will not review or judge products or components as being in compliance with the document or publication. Go To Form Any other use or distribution require SMACNA’s permission. See All Find our manuals and books available in print or digital formats. Annual subscriptions to SMACNA’s 37 title technical library are now available in the cloud. Some are essential to make our site work; others help us improve the user experience. By using the site, you consent to the placement of these cookies.http://elfast.ru/userfiles/bush-rpa1-manual.xml It appeared in Chapter 10 of the high velocity (later high pressure) construction standards and in Chapter 8 of the Balancing and Adjustment of Air Distribution Systems Manual of 1967 vintage. In the 1970’s energy conservation measures led to a decline in the use of truly high pressure commercial HVAC systems. Now, greater concern with the amount of leakage in systems of less pressure has evolved. European countries introduced an evaluation approach using the surface area of the duct and the pressure in the duct as the basic parameters. SMACNA has concluded that this approach is far superior to the arbitrary assignment of a percentage of fan flow rate as a leakage criteria. The surface area basis highlights the effect of system size and is now the keynote of new SMACNA duct leakage classifications. It is expected that in the future industry will have correlated leakage classes with performance of particular sealant methods used on individual joint systems. Relatedly, industry fails to recognize the extent that equipment that is inserted in-line in duct leaks. Few ratings for this are published. Designers must account for equipment leakage separately from duct leakage allowances as they evaluate system leakage. SMACNA encourages designers to specify equipment leakage control and to rely on prescriptive sealing of ductwork as measures that will normally lead to effective control of leakage without the need for extensive leakage testing. SMACNA makes no warranty either express or implied regarding the Data and SMACNA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE. User acknowledges that the Data is complex, subject to faults and requires verification by competent professionals, and that modification of parts of the Data by user may impact the results or other parts of the Data. It is not a safety standard. Its application for a specific project is contingent on a designer or other authority defining a specific use.https://www.becompta.be/emploi/bosch-shu4302uc-manual SMACNA has no power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document or publication and it has no role in any representations by other parties that specific components are, in fact, in compliance with it. SMACNA does not, however, endorse individual manufacturers or products. In the event that the petitioner has a substantive disagreement with the interpretation, an appeal may be filed with the Technical Resources Committee, which has technical oversight responsibility. The request must pertain to a specifically identified portion of the document that does not involve published text which provides the requested information. In considering such requests, the Association will not review or judge products or components as being in compliance with the document or publication. Oral and written interpretations otherwise obtained from anyone affiliated with the Association are unofficial. This procedure does not prevent any committee or task force chairman, member of the committee or task force, or staff liaison from expressing an opinion on a provision within the document, provided that such person clearly states that the opinion is personal and does not represent an official act of the Association in any way, and it should not be relied on as such. The Board of Directors of SMACNA shall have final authority for interpretation of this standard with such rules or procedures as they may adopt for processing same. SMACNA makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. They are v subject to revision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable. Construction and products which comply with these Standards will not necessarily be acceptable if, when examined and tested, they are found to have other features which impair the result contemplated by these requirements.http://www.erejuvenation.co.uk/images/brother-2030-printer-manual.pdf The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association and other contributors assume no responsibility and accept no liability for the application of the principles or techniques contained in this publication. Authorities considering adoption of any standards contained herein should review all federal, state, local, and contract regulations applicable to specific installations. SMACNA is not undertaking to perform any duty owed to any person or entity to someone else. Any person or organization using this document should rely on his, her or its own judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance. The Association prescribes acceptable use of the logo and expressly forbids the use of it to represent anything other than possession of membership. Possession of membership and use of the logo in no way constitutes or reflects SMACNA approval of any product, method, or component. Furthermore, compliance of any such item with standards published or recognized by SMACNA is not indicated by presence of the logo. This document is not an endorsement of routine use of testing. Leakage testing is generally an unjustified major expense that is unnecessary when proper methods of assembly and sealing are used. Visual inspection for application of such proper methods will ordinarily suffice for verification of reasonably tight construction. Under any circumstances reasonable allowances for leakage must be adopted because no duct is absolutely airtight. Consult the SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards for fibrous glass duct assembly. Closures of joints and seams in fibrous glass ducts rely on taped adhesive systems to make connections, in contrast with metal ducts which use mechanical locks for connection and use sealants for supplemental leakage control. Leakage should be considered a transmission loss in duct systems.http://www.holzbau-hoelzl.at/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628a78c51a01f---canon-jx300-manual.pdf The farther air is conveyed the greater the loss will be. Key variables that affect the amount of leakage are: Although rates of loss per foot of seam, per diameter of hole or per dimension of crack can be evaluated, duct surface area is the simplest parameter by which to evaluate system leakage. Furthermore, research (in Europe and independently in the United States) has led to the conclusion that within acceptable tolerances, a duct surface leakage factor can be identified by the following relationship. Whether the designer uses the rates identified or prefers other constants, it is practical to evaluate leakage by this method. Substitutions based on sponsor demonstrated adequacy and approval of the regulating authority are recognized. Where area change, direction change, divided flow, or united flow fittings other than those illustrated here are shown on the contract drawings, are not of proprietary manufacture, and are defined with friction loss coefficients in either the SMACNA HVAC Duct System Design Minimum yield strength for steel sheet and reinforcements is 30,000 psi (207 kPa). Helical (spiral) lock seams are exempt from sealant requirements. All other duct wall connections are deemed to be joints. Joints include but are not limited to girth joints, branch and subbranch intersections, so-called duct collar tap-ins, fitting subsections, louver and air terminal connections to ducts, access door and access panel frames and jambs, and duct, plenum, and casing abutments to building structures If air leak sites in ducts located outside of buildings are exposed to weather, they shall receive exterior duct sealant. If exposed to direct sunlight, it shall also be ultraviolet ray- and ozone-resistant or shall, after curing, be painted with a compatible coating that provides such resistance. The term sealant is not limited to adhesives or mastics but includes tapes and combinations of open-weave fabric or absorbent strips and mastics.www.denizlihurda.com/image/files/comprar-porsche-928-gts-manual.pdf It must be recognized that airtightness in ducts cannot, and need not, be absolute (as it must be in a water piping system). Codes normally require that ducts be reasonably airtight. Concerns for energy conservation, humidity control, space temperature control, room air movement, ventilation, maintenance, etc., necessitate regulating leakage by prescriptive measures in construction standards. Leakage is largely a function of static pressure and the amount of leakage in a system is significantly related to system size. Adequate airtightness can normally be ensured by a) selecting a static pressure construction class suitable for the operating condition, and b) sealing the ductwork properly. Designers occasionally exempt the following from sealing requirements: small systems, residential occupancies, ducts located directly in the zones they serve, ducts that have short runs from volume control boxes to diffusers, certain return air ceiling plenum applications, etc. The designer should review the HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual for estimated and practical leakage allowances. Leakage tests are an added expense in system installation. If it does, the contract documents must clearly designate the portions of the system(s) to be tested and the appropriate test methods.Potential accuracy of flow measurements should be evaluated. Selecting sealing systems for such ducts may involve more attention to the final appearance of the duct system than with ducts in concealed spaces. Further research and confirmation is needed in this area. The contractor should carefully select construction details consistent with sealing requirements, the direction of the air pressure, and familiar sealing methods. The cost of restoring systems not receiving the required sealing or not being properly sealed can greatly exceed the modest cost of a proper application.https://lakecountyoralsurgery.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628a78cab987e---Canon-ixy-digital-70-manual.pdf Contractors using slip and drive connection systems must control connector length and notch depth on rectangular duct ends to facilitate sealing. Round duct joints are normally easier to seal than other types. However, with proper attention to joint selection, workmanship, and sealant application, almost any joint can achieve low leakage. The mere presence of sealant at a connection, however, does not ensure low leakage. Applying sealant in a spiral lockseam can result in poor seam closure and less satisfactory control. No single sealant is the best for all applications. Selecting the most appropriate sealant depends primarily on the basic joint design and on application conditions such as joint position, clearances, direction of air pressure in service, etc. Such a component listing only reflects laboratory test performance and does not necessarily mean that the closure method can routinely be successful for the contractor or that it will withstand in-service operation of the system on a long-term basis. They have the consistency of heavy syrup and can be applied either by brush or with a cartridge gun or powered pump. Liquid sealants normally contain 30 to 60 percent volatile solvents; therefore, they shrink considerably when drying. They are recommended for slip-type joints where the sealant fills a small space between the overlapping pieces of metal. These sealants are normally brushed on to round slip joints and pumped into rectangular slip joints. Mastics must have excellent adhesion and elasticity. Although not marketed specifically for ductwork, high quality curtain wall sealants have been used for this application. Oilbase caulking and glazing compounds should not be used. For ease of application, gaskets should have adhesive backing or otherwise be tacky enough to adhere to the metal during joint assembly. The choice of open cell or closed cell rubber gaskets depends on the amount and frequency of compression and on the elastic memory.https://buddingheights.org/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1628a78ec430fa---canon-ixy-manual-download.pdf Several such closures are listed as components of systems complying with UL Standard 181 tests. There are no industry recognized performance standards that set forth peel adhesion, shear adhesion, tensile strength, temperature limits, accelerated aging, etc., which are quality control characteristics specifically correlated with metal duct construction service. However, the SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards illustrate the closure of a fibrous duct to metal duct with a tape system. The variety of advertised products is very broad. Some test results for tapes are published in the product directories of the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council located in Chicago, IL. It may be only six months or one year. Although initial adhesion may appear satisfactory, the aging characteristics of these tapes in service is questionable. They tend to lose adhesion progressively at edges or from exposures to air pressure, flexure, the drying effects at the holes or cracks being sealed, etc. The tape’s adhesive may be chemically incompatible with the substrate, as is apparently the case with certain nonmetal flexible ducts. Application over uncured sealant may have failures related to the release of volatile solvents. Sea air may have different effects on rubber, acrylic, silicone-based (or other) adhesives. They are generally known as the peel and seal variety and have been used between flanges and on the exterior of ducts. Such tapes are typically of thicknesses several times that of tapes traditionally known as the pressure sensitive type. Some may have mesh reinforcement. Others may have metal or non-metal backing on one surface. The hot melt type is normally a shop application. Thermally activated types use heat to either shrink-fit closures or to expand compounds within joint systems. Glass fabric and Mastic (GFM) used for fibrous glass duct appears to adhere well to galvanized steel. Solvent cleaning is an additional expense.denchumgiare.com/upload/files/comprar-paleteira-manual-usada.pdf Surface primers are now available, but their additional cost may not result in measurable long-term benefits. Structural grade adhesive systems are being developed to replace spot welded and soldered connections of metals. They have lap shear strengths of 1000 to 5000 psi (6895 to 34475 kPa) or more. SMACNA is not able to comprehensively define their characteristics at this time; however, authorities are encouraged to monitor their development progress and consider their use. The installer is cautioned to verify that the shelf life has not been exceeded. NFPA Standard 90A requires adhesives to have a flame spread rating not over 25 and a smoke developed rating not over 50. He must account for leakage in equipment such as fans, coils, volume regulating boxes, etc., independently of duct leakage. It involves inserting temporary plugs (plates, sheets, balloons, bags, etc.) in openings in a section of duct and connecting a blower and a flowmeter to the specimen in such a manner that pressurizing the specimen will cause all air escaping from the specimen to pass through the flowmeter. Controlling pressure carefully, pressurize the duct section to the required level. A smoke bomb test may be used to identify actual leak sources. If necessary apply a soap solution to locate small leaks. If the first pressurization failed to develop the required test pressure level and significant leak sites were not discovered, consider the following alternatives: Divide the specimen being tested into smaller segments or use larger test apparatus. This is especially advisable if the contractor has little experience with testing, is attempting to meet allowable rates much lower than normal, is including equipment in the test or is dealing with unfamiliar duct construction. The system designer should have independently accounted for leakage in equipment. Provide pressure control or pressure relief if test apparatus behavior is unfamiliar; e.g., start test apparatus with flow restricted and gradually build up pressure. Low temperature influences the effectiveness of sealants and gaskets. Alternatively, if the leakage constant (C L ) determined from tests is lower than or equal to the specified leakage class, the duct is in compliance. Arbitrary assignment of an allowable of leakage in disregard of these factors can indicate unobtainable results. Table 4-1 represents the leakage expected using Seal Classes A, B, and C as indicated on duct construction of the types typically selected for each pressure class. Conceivably Seal Class B or A could be applied at construction pressure classes lower than indicated in Table 4-1. However, unless joint type, seam type, duct wall thickness and specific sealing method were already collectively prequalified by tests (or by an acceptable experience record at a higher pressure) leakage rate is less predictable. The benefits of setting allowable leakage rates lower than shown in Table 4-1 should be carefully weighed against the costs of achieving them. When the designer has only required leakage tests to be conducted in accordance with the SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual for verification that the leakage classifications in Table 1 have been met (and has given no other criteria and scope), he is deemed to have not fulfilled the responsibilities outlined in section 2.1 for providing a clear scope of work. When duct construction pressure classes are not identified in the contract drawings and the amount of leakage testing is not set forth in the contract documents, any implied obligation of the installer to fulfill the responsibilities under section 2.2 in regard to leakage are deemed to be waived by defective specification. Sealed nonmetal flexible duct is an average of Class 12. Other construction details influence results. See Figure 4-1. Unless construction class is otherwise specified it means a static pressure classification in the SMACNA HVAC-DCS. Those classifications pertain to maximum operating pressure in the duct as follows:ASME qualified, orifice meters do not require calibration. Orifice openings shall be centered in the meter tube. Plates shall be perpendicular to the flow path and shall be free of leaks at points of attachment. Characteristics of typical orifices are shown in Table 5-2. Accuracy to the nearest 0.1 is not implied. As discussed in previous sections the following requirements should be clearly specified: When several separate segments within the same system and pressure class are tested for compliance, the aggregate leakage should not exceed the allowable, even though the amount in one or more segments may somewhat exceed the cfm allowable indicated for each segment. In such case, to compensate, another segment would have to be tighter than required. If the duct is not in compliance refer to section 3.7 of the general procedures. In such case record the type of meter on the test report. Compute and enter the corresponding area of duct surface area excluding any equipment connected in-line. If the sum of the cfm measured is less than or equal to the sum of the allowable leakage the test is passed. Record the date(s), presence of witnesses and flow meter characteristics. However, it is recognized that a percent of fan cfm or a percent of flow in a section of a system that passes through unconditioned space (considered as a heat loss or a heat gain) can be a useful parameter in energy conservation analysis. Leakage as a percent of flow entering one selected section of duct is not an adequate appraisal of the system performance. Five percent of the system flow is quite a different criteria than allowing 5 in each 100 ft of a 500 ft continuous run of duct. It should also be remembered that actual leakage will tend to be less than that appraised for the maximum pressure, because the average pressure under operating conditions will be less. An example of the application of leakage classes to a duct system is provided to aid a realistic approach to the use of seal class, leakage class and percentage method analysis. While other parameters such as cubic contents (of duct interior) or lineal feet of joint might be used for leakage evaluation they are less practical and should not be used unless the square footage analysis has already been made. However, when a total allowable leakage is expressed as a percent of total flow, it is somewhat more cumbersome to prorate the allowable leakage to any single test segment. A suggested method is as follows: Enter this number on the report for each test segment. If the calculated value is below the value suggested in Table 4-1 the contractors should anticipate some difficulty in obtaining satisfactory test results. The greater the difference is, the greater the difficulty will be. Resolve the issue under sections 2.1(e) and 2.2(c) of the leakage test manual. It is not practical to include duct from two different construction classes in the same leakage test segment. Ducts should not be leak tested at pressures greater than the construction class. Also, for the normal range pressures in HVAC system testing, the effects of air compressibility are negligible. A combined coefficient K is used for various effects due to approach, contraction, discharge and pressure tap locations. Appendix J relates Reynolds number, Beta ratio, and K. The following equation gives a simplified method of calculating Reynolds number for standard air: It varies more below R values of 105 than for higher values.However, ASME and other texts point out that the basic orifice flow coefficients need modification for the effects of gas expansion if the pressure drop across the orifice is more than a few percent of the absolute pressure upstream of the orifice.Fluids with density corresponding to scale calibration must be used. Recalibration is not necessary. Densities of various manometer fluids are given in Appendix M. In Chapter 9 of Industrial Ventilation, ACGIH discusses orifice calibration with a standard Pitot tube and states that orifices conforming to meters indicated in Table 5-2 of this manual do not require calibration. Otherwise, the nominal values for K that are given in Table 5-1 are deemed suitable for flow measurement under field conditions.The required capacity of a leakage test meter should be examined in relation to the duct leakage classification chart.Comparing Figure 5-3 with Figure 4-1 can facilitate testing. Excess fan pressure can be controlled with inlet dampers, bypass, variable speed motors or other means. Fischer and Porter Co., with permission Moist air is less dense than dry air at a given temperature. Industry documents define “standard air” in different ways. Comparable limits should be acceptable for field tests. Other variations can be observed in Appendix K. The “A” refers to “actual”; the “S” refers to standard (CFM). Chapter 10 of the Industrial Ventilation Manual, published by ACGIH, defines three equivalent methods of calculating ACFM.Provisions in both of these documents are reviewed in the ERDA 76-21, Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook, available from the U.S. Department of Commerce NTIS. NBS has used the method and numerous ASHRAE transactions report this method and fan pressurization methods. Transaction HI-85-03 No. 2 lists many of the references. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 25, on ventilation and infiltration, reports leakage rates for various building elements. Key standards for such tests are: This document has an extensive bibliography on stairwell, shaft, and building leakage. At the present it appears that insufficient knowledge exists about the leakage rates in ceilings, interior partitions and corridor construction to document rates for design purposes. Several classifications of damper leakage are published in UL Standard 555S, Leakage Rated Dampers for Use in Smoke Control Systems. Higher integrity classifications of damper leakage are in ANSI N509. From ISA Recommended Practice RP2.1—Manometer Tables. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Check your spelling again, or go to the home page and explore from there. You can contact us and we'll try to fix the issue. This also helps meet ASHRAE 90.1 requirements. SMACNA has an industry leading Procedural Guide for testing adjusting and balancing a HVAC system. Will TAB solve this? Download them here. They are in Word format so you can easily make changes to them. How should I proceed. Most backordered items can be rushed in from the publisher in as little as 24 hours. Some rush fees may apply. Contact your nearest IHS Markit Office It appeared in Chapter 10 of the high velocity (later high pressure) construction standards and in Chapter 8 of the “Balancing and Adjustment of Air Distribution Systems Manual” of 1967 vintage. In the 1970’s energy conservation measures led to a decline in the use of truly high pressure commercial HVAC systems. Now, greater concern with the amount of leakage in systems of less pressure has evolved from the efforts of reducing carbon via energy saving strategies. New research in the leakage rates of sealed and unsealed ductwork has disclosed a need for a better method of evaluating duct leakage. European countries introduced an evaluation approach using the surface area of the duct and the pressure in the duct as the basic parameters. SMACNA concluded that this approach is far superior to the arbitrary assignment of a percentage of fan flow rate as a leakage criteria. The surface area basis highlights the effect of system size and is now one of the primary factors of SMACNA duct leakage classifications.