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This allows downshifting, e.g. on winding descents to boost engine braking or for driving in an exceptionally sporty style. In sport mode, the automatic transmission boosts driving dynamics by setting later shift points. The selector lever communicates fully electronically, without any mechanical connection with the transmission (shift-by-wire). The eight-speed tiptronic is able to work together with the Audi start-stop system. It integrates a small, permanently filled hydraulic reservoir for this purpose. The transmission is ready to start within a very short period of time. In some Audi models the eight-speed tiptronic has an electric oil pump. It handles lubrication of the transmission and enables engagement of the gear that is needed for an engine restart after a coasting phase. Thanks to the mild hybrid technology, this makes it possible for the vehicle to shut off its engine during the drive when it is not needed for propulsion. When the vehicle is coasting and the engine is running in idle, a clutch is open in the area of the wheel sets. The transmission control unit detects stop-and-go situations and ensures very comfortable driving starts. The system applies the principle of destructive interference, which is also known as the cancellation sound principle. When two sound waves of the same frequency are superimposed, their amplitudes cancel one another if they have the same magnitude and exhibit a phase offset of 180 degrees. In the car interior, small microphones are used to record the background noise in multiple zones. From their signals, the ANC control unit computes a differentiated spatial sound field. It supplements this with information about engine speed. In all zones in which the system detects noise for which it has been pre-calibrated, it initiates a precisely modulated cancellation sound. ANC works with all available factory-installed sound systems. The hydraulically damped engine mounts utilize an electromagnetic oscillating coil actuator for this purpose. Active engine mounts help to enhance ride comfort in models with cylinder deactivation and in diesel models. They are also used in plug-in hybrid vehicles to ensure a uniform driving experience while switching between operating modes. The stator is a sheet package consisting of thin, magnetically conductive electrical sheets. Inside these are copper wire coils to which the three three-phase current phases from the power electronics are connected. When a voltage is applied to them, a circumferential (rotating) magnetic field is produced. In the opposite case, it becomes a generator and converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. The asynchronous motors do not produce any electrically induced drag losses in deenergized condition, which makes them highly efficient. Besides they can increase their output for a short period of time and thus maximize the performance of the car in the boost mode. Not only are they very light due to the aluminum rotor, they also have further advantages: They require little maintenance and are particularly robust. Furthermore, no rare earth elements are used in the production of the electric motors. Audi uses it for different purposes in different engines, but the working principle is the same for all engines: Sleeves are mounted onto the camshafts which have cam profiles with varying contours. Electromagnetically actuated pins push the sleeves axially several millimeters by engaging into spiral-shaped slots on their outer contours. Either the low cam or the high cam opens the valve, depending on the position of the sleeve. In the new 3.0 TFSI, the 2.9 TFSI and the 2.0 TFSI with 140 kW (190 hp), the AVS acts on the intake valves. It adjusts their lift and timing (opening duration) over two levels according to engine load and speed, and thereby controls the amount of air that is inducted. In part-load operation, the lift and opening duration are relatively small. The throttle valve can remain wide open, and this largely eliminates throttle losses. At higher loads, the AVS switches to a higher lift and later valve closing. The combustion chamber charge increases in size, and the engine can aspirate air freely for more power and torque. In some four-cylinder gasoline engines and in the 2.5 TFSI with its five cylinders, the AVS varies the lift of the exhaust valves. This reduces flushing losses in the combustion chamber and ensures optimal flow of exhaust gas to the turbocharger, particularly in the low rpm range. The results are dynamic engine response and increased torque. In the 1.4 TFSI the system serves to deactivate half of the cylinders at a moderate driving pace, which reduces fuel consumption. The deactivated cylinders largely run without losses, like compressed gas springs, while the active cylinders operate at the better efficiency levels found in higher load regions. The 4.0 TDI presents another variant of this technology. Here, the Audi valvelift system manages the two turbochargers, which are switched according to a strategy based on stages. The exhaust gases, which each cylinder discharges from its two exhaust valves, flow through separate channels within a dual-flow manifold system. Each channel supplies one of the two turbochargers. With increasing engine speed, the second exhaust valve opens, and this activates the second turbocharger as well. Other AVS units are mounted on the intake camshafts; they serve to regulate the amount of intake air charge in the combustion chambers as needed. It has been specifically designed for the part-load range, which is the predominant operating mode during normal driving. Essentially, the method is comparable with what is known as the Miller cycle. The results: During a moderate style of driving, drivers experience the fuel-efficiency advantages of a small displacement engine; while driving in a sporty style, on the other hand, they benefit from the dynamic performance of a large engine. The B-cycle combustion process is used in three TFSI engines: in a variant of the 2.0 TFSI, in the 3.0 TFSI V6 and in the 2.9 TFSI with its biturbo charging. The core characteristic of the combustion process is an unusually short opening time during induction in part-load. This and increased pressure in the induction manifold reduce throttle losses. The amount of inducted fresh air remains relatively small; accordingly, the compression phase begins later when the piston travels upward after the BDC point. Compared to the short compression phase, the expansion phase is lengthened significantly. The result is greater engine work output at the same fuel consumption, which significantly boosts efficiency. In the classic Miller cycle, the reduced cylinder charge is disadvantageous to torque and power output. Audi has neutralized these effects by implementing turbocharging and the two-stage Audi valvelift system (AVS). In the V6 engines, central placement of the injector in the combustion chamber is an important component of the B-cycle combustion process. In the area around the intake valves, this enables a geometry which, in interaction with the inlet ducts, enables targeted swirl of the gas charge, thereby optimizing combustion. In COD operation, the four-cylinder engine runs with two cylinder. In the V10 one of the cylinder banks is deactivated. The COD system shuts off fuel injection and ignition, and in the TFSI it also closes the valves thanks to the Audi valvelift technology. The switching process takes just milliseconds, and the driver virtually does not even notice it. When the driver presses the accelerator pedal, the deactivated cylinders are reactivated. The COD system can reduce fuel consumption by several tenths of a liter per 100 kilometers in real-life use by the customer. Audi has developed a special version of the seven-speed S tronic for longitudinally mounted engines. In this version, the gear wheels for all gears are arranged sequentially on one output shaft. The four variants for transverse mounted engines, on the other hand, have a layout with two output shafts. This enables compact construction. The S tronic for transverse engines is available with six or seven speeds; the seven-speed variant has three versions. There are also three versions for longitudinally mounted engines, one of which is designed for pure quattro technology and another as a sporty version that is mounted at the rear of the R8. Which variant works together with which engine is based on what the customer wants in the vehicle and on the torque to be transmitted. Two multi-plate clutches which operate different gears are integrated in the S tronic. The large K1 clutch transmits engine torque via a solid shaft to the gear wheels for the odd-numbered gears 1, 3, 5 and 7. A hollow shaft rotates around the solid shaft. It is connected to the K2 clutch, which is either in parallel to the K1 clutch or inside of it. This K2 clutch operates the even-numbered gears 2, 4 and 6 as well as reverse gear. Both transmission subunits are continually active, but only one is connected to the engine at any given time. For example, when the driver accelerates in third gear, the fourth gear is already engaged in the second transmission structure. This takes just a few hundredths of a second, and they are executed with nearly no interruption of propulsive power. The S tronic shifts so dynamically, fluidly and comfortably that the gear shift is hardly perceptible to the driver. The mechatronics module, a compact and robust unit, contains the electronics together with the hydraulic actuator units. Its control concept makes it possible to vary the speed of the gear shift and precisely control the necessary force. The seven-speed S tronic can be used in different ways. The automatic mode offers the D (Drive) and S (Sport) programs. Drivers can use the selector lever or shift paddles on the steering wheel to shift themselves. Another feature for the high-performance models is Launch Control, which fully exploits the vehicle’s acceleration potential when starting off from a stop. The sportiest seven-speed S tronic for the longitudinally mounted engines can handle engine speeds up to 9,000 rpm. In all variants, the S tronic offers many strengths: a high level of efficiency, intelligent management and a large spread with high gears that have long gear ratios. Consequently, the high-tech transmission is able to improve fuel economy compared to a manual gearbox in many cases. Its two dry clutches operate without their own oil supply, which further boosts efficiency. All variants of the S tronic are combined with the start-stop system from Audi.It ensures the continuous and fully variable regulation of the ideal distribution of drive torque between the two axles. The reason is that with the electric all-wheel drive a mechanical clutch is not engaged but electricity is simply distributed. And that takes just a fraction of a second. So even with sudden changes in the coefficients of friction and extreme driving situations the full quattro performance is guaranteed. In most cases, the Audi e-tron tends to use its rear electric motor to achieve the highest efficiency. For reasons of efficiency, the drive torque is generally distributed with a rear-axle bias. If the driver demands more power than the rear electric motor can supply, the electric all-wheel drive redistributes torque as required to the front axle.