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jaguar s type 2003 repair manual downloadThe current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. Projects funded through these programs were often seen as serving an important mission of bringing culture and arts to the masses. Photography also became a popular medium of documenting the lives of ordinary Americans. Many popular low-budget and epic expensive movies that reached the status of classic were produced during the period. It ran from December 1933 to June 1934. Through the program, artists created posters, murals, and paintings, some of which still stand among the most significant pieces of public art in the country. The New Deal, with its core idea of the government’s intervention in the economy, politics, and social life, included also programs that funded and promoted various cultural projects, many of them focusing on the documentation of the experience of ordinary Americans during the dramatic economic depression. PWAP was a relief program that created jobs for artists who were hired to paint scenes depicting contemporary ordinary American life in public buildings and spaces. PWAP was replaced by the Federal Art Project (FAP), one of the cultural programs under the 1935 Works Progress Administration (WPA) and a much more ambitious and expansive arts program than its predecessor. FAP provided funding for artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theater design, and arts and crafts. It established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression.http://xn--38-mlcqjbufcz6h.xn--p1ai/userfiles/how-to-change-manual-transmission-fluid-toyota-tacoma.xml
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Additionally, in 1934, the Section of Painting and Sculpture was established in order to commission high quality murals in public buildings. Artists worked with government-provided guidelines that focused on realistic themes relevant to the life of local communities. Writers, musicians, and theater artists were funded to create both their own original projects and projects under the auspices of the government. Documenting what was seen as American traditions drove many of the latter. Writers and musicians engaged in a series of ethnographic and archival projects that aimed to preserve American history and cultural legacy, including collecting oral histories among former slaves, recording traditional folk songs, or preserving and organizing archival collections. Public funding was also used to make theater productions easily available to mass audiences. The movement’s aim was not simply to represent but to critique the realities of social inequalities and injustice. Related to Social Realism was American Regionalism, which depicted rural America, both realistic and as a subject of myths and folk legends, as well as images drawn from American history. Regionalism and Social Realism are sometimes described as a rural branch and an urban branch (respectively) of American Scene Painting, although borders between the meanings of these three terms are not always clear. Another movement of the era, Precisionism, focused on images of urban industrial America. While sometimes differences between artists and art works belonging to these movements may be blurry, the one characteristic that they all shared was realism, or focusing on depicting American life as it was. For example, under the Farm Security Administration, a New Deal agency that aimed to combat rural poverty, photographers documented rural areas and the misery of working class rural Americans.http://albino-pitti.com/pub_img/how-to-change-manual-transmission-fluid-toyota-camry.xml The works of such photographers as Dorothea Lange or Walker Evans remain among the most iconic images of the Great Depression. Much later, these documentary photography projects would be criticized for their racial bias. Despite the fact that at the time, so many poor rural Americans were black, the New Deal photographs create an impression that poor rural America was predominantly white. The studio system was at its height, with studios having great control over creative decisions. While in the first years of the Great Depression all the major studios experienced losses (much less people went to see movies and ticket prices decreased), already in the mid-1930s, they began to record profits. In response to a number of scandals in the 1920s and under the pressure of Christian leaders and organizations, the studios adopted a series of topics that were to be avoided (e.g., strictly defined sexual content and ridicule of clergy) and guidelines for how certain topics should be depicted (e.g., a kiss could not last longer than three seconds). The code was not strictly implemented until 1934, when the Production Code Administration was established. The PCA enforced the code by reviewing and making suggestions on all studio scripts before they went into production, then doing the same with all completed films before issuing a PCA certificate. Directors frequently found a way to manipulate the codes that were enforced more and more loosely during the post-World War period and finally abandoned in the 1960s. A number of popular genres, including gangster films, musicals, comedies, or monster movies, attracted mass audiences, regardless of the economic crisis. Careers of some of iconic Hollywood’s performers also flourished in the 1930s, including Greta Garbo, Bela Lugosi, Boris Karloff, Mae West, the Marx Brothers, Errol Flynn (best known for his role as Robin Hood), or child star Shirley Temple.http://ninethreefox.com/?q=node/17469 Charlie Chaplin, the greatest star of the silent era, successfully transitioned into sound film. Adaptations of classic or best-selling literary works, biographies of famous individuals, and big adventure movies were the most common examples. Among them are such classics of American cinema as King Kong (1933), Anna Karenina (1935), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Gone With the Wind (1939), and Grapes of Wrath (1940). Similar to visual artists, writers focused on blunt and direct representation of American life and offered social criticism, coming often from the perspective of leftist political views. He often wrote about poor, working-class people and their struggle to lead a decent and honest life. The Grapes of Wrath, considered his masterpiece, is a socially-oriented novel that tells the story of the Joads, a poor family from Oklahoma, and their journey to California in search of a better life. Other popular novels include Tortilla Flat, Of Mice and Men, Cannery Row, and East of Eden. Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. Among American authors in the 1930s who wrote their usually more controversial or experimental and less realistic works were Gertrude Stein, who in 1933 published the memoir of her Paris years entitled The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, and Henry Miller, who in the 1930s wrote and published his semi autobiographical novels Tropic of Cancer, Black Spring, and Tropic of Capricorn. Although their themes and stylistic innovations exerted a major influence on succeeding generations of American writers, Miller’s groundbreaking novels were banned in the United States until the early 1960s. Pulp fiction magazines began to feature distinctive, gritty, adventure heroes that combined elements of hard-boiled detective fiction and the fantastic adventures of the earlier pulp novels. Two particularly noteworthy characters introduced were Doc Savage and The Shadow, who would later influence the creation of characters such as Superman and Batman. Near the end of the decade, two of the world’s most iconic superheroes and recognizable fictional characters, Superman and Batman, were introduced in comic books. Similar to visual arts and literature, popular culture of the era focused on emphasizing what was presented as uniquely American experiences and contributions. Similar to visual arts and literature, popular culture of the era focused on emphasizing what was presented as uniquely American experiences and contributions. The mass popularization of culture was also linked to important technological advances. Many Americans, even in poor rural areas, had access to phonographs and radios. The latter was incredibly popular in the 1930s, becoming the critical source of information and entertainment. Another contemporary groundbreaking technological development was the popularization of sound film. While in the first years of the Great Depression, Americans did not visit movie theaters as frequently as prior to the economic crisis, in the mid-1930s, cinema was one of the favorite forms of entertainment. Although the Great Migration of African Americans from the South (initiated around 1910) slowed down with the onset of the economic depression, hundreds of thousands of black Southerners continued to seek opportunities somewhere else, mostly in northern cities. With the transfer of people, music created and popularized by African Americans, including jazz, blues, and gospel, became increasingly popular in the North. Despite the existing racial inequalities and the ongoing black civil rights struggle, the American origins of these musical genres fit into the narrative of uniquely American cultural contributions. Analogously, American folk music, created and performed by both white performers and musicians of color, attracted mass audiences across the country. With their focus on the plight of ordinary Americans, folk songs were now collected and recorded as part of the American legacy by the Library of Congress and artists working for the Works Progress Administration. By 1930, new forms and styles developed and swing emerged as a dominant form in American music. Virtuoso soloists often led their swing big bands (thus swing was also known as “big jazz”) and their popularity was enormous, also because swing music developed with corresponding swing dance. Live swing bands were broadcast on the radio nationally every evening. Among the most famous bandleaders and arrangers were Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Harry James, and Jimmie Lunceford. The pioneer of jazz music, Louis Armstrong, continued to inspire both mass audiences and fellow musicians. Musical theater also followed the predominant trend and contributed some of the most popular standards of the 1930s, including George and Ira Gershwin’s “Summertime,” Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart’s “My Funny Valentine,” and Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II’s “All the Things You Are.” The period between 1935 and 1946 is known as the Swing Era. Those Americans who did not own a radio could still access one in their communities through friends or neighbors. Popular content spanned from comedy, with Bob Hope being one of the biggest comedic radio personalities of the time, and music, theater, and soap operas, to news and political content. Never before was radio used as such a powerful tool of dissemination of political messages. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt informed about and advocated for New Deal policies in his fairly regular “fireside chats.” His political opponents also used radio to attract their supporters. Huey Long and Charles Coughlin, FDR’s two most fervent populist critics, built their vast popular support through radio shows that attracted tens of millions of Americans. In 1938, Orson Welles’ famous broadcast of War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells, caused panic among the show’s listeners who feared that the conflict between humans and aliens (the subject of Wells’ novel) was real. Although historians debate over how wide the audience of the show was and thus how widespread the panic could be, the episode demonstrates the incredible power of radio broadcast at the time. National Archives and Records Administration The studio system was at its height, with studios having great control over creative decisions. While in the first years of the Great Depression all the major studios experienced losses (much less people went to see movies and ticket prices decreased), in the mid-1930s, they began to record profits. In response to a number of scandals in the 1920s and under the pressure of Christian leaders and organizations, the studios adopted a series of topics that were to be avoided (e.g., strictly defined sexual content and the ridicule of clergy) and guidelines for how certain topics should be depicted (e.g., a kiss could not last longer than three seconds). Careers of some of the iconic Hollywood’s performers also flourished in the 1930s, including Greta Garbo, Bela Lugosi, Boris Karloff, Mae West, the Marx Brothers, Errol Flynn (best known for his role as Robin Hood), and child star Shirley Temple. Charlie Chaplin, the greatest star of the silent era, successfully transitioned into sound film. Adaptations of classic and best-selling literary works, biographies of famous individuals, and big adventure movies were the most common examples. Among them are such classics of American cinema as King Kong (1933), Anna Karenina (1935), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Gone With the Wind (1939), and Grapes of Wrath (1940). To outdo the Los Angeles games of 1932, the Nazis built a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium, six gymnasiums, and many other smaller arenas. The games were the first to be televised, and radio broadcasts reached 41 countries. Her film, entitled Olympia, pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports. The United States considered boycotting the games, as to participate in the festivity might be considered a sign of support for the Nazi regime and its anti-Semitic policies. However, others argued that the Olympic Games should not reflect political views, but rather be strictly a contest of the greatest athletes. The 1936 Summer Olympics ultimately boasted the largest number of participating nations of any Olympics to that point. However, some individual athletes, including Jewish Americans Milton Green and Norman Cahners, chose to boycott the games. He was the most successful athlete at the games and, as black man, was credited with disrupting Hitler’s white supremacist vision and message. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike CC licensed content, Specific attribution Public Works of Art Project. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Federal Project Number One. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike 1930s. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Motion Picture Production Code. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike 1930s in Film. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Federal Art Project. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Section of Painting and Sculpture. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg. Provided by: Wikimedia Commons. Located at::Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright Jesse Owens. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Jazz. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Swing Era. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike The War of the Worlds (radio drama). License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Radio in the United States. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike 1930s in Jazz. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike 1936 Summer Olympics. Located at:. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Leni Riefenstahl. Located at::FDR-September-30-1934.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright. It looks like your browser needs updating. For the best experience on Quizlet, please update your browser. Learn More. Waiting for Lefty a play (1935), which was written by Clifford Odets, about the labor struggles of the 1930s Native Son A novel (1940), written by Richard Wright, about a young man trying to survive the racism in the world. The Grapes of Wrath A novel (1939), written by John Steinbeck, about the lives of people who live in Oklahoma who left the Dust Bowl and went to California and their obstacles they had to face. Our Town A play (1938), written by Thornton Wilder, about the small-town beauty in New England. American Gothic A painting (1930), painted by Grant wood, that portrays the life in the Midwest during the Great Depression. He used his sister and dentist as models for the farmer and the daughter in the painting and a house he saw in Eldon, Iowa. The Federal theater project hired actors to perform plays and artists to provide stage sets and props for theater productions around the country. Famous painters Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart Benton, and Grant Wood. Famous playwrights Clifford Odets and Thornton Wilder. Famous singers and songwriters Woody Guthrie Famous writers Richard Wright, John Steinbeck, James T. Farrell, Jack Conroy, and James Agee Famous photographers Walker Evans. Main Idea Motion pictures, radio, art, and literature blossomed during the New Deal. Why does it matter now. The films, music, art, and literature of the 1930's still captivate today's public. How did diminished demand affect farmers in the 1920s. Crop prices dropped. How did falling incomes affect consumer behavior. Consumers bought fewer goods and services What did the experience of farmers and consumers at this time suggest about the health of the economy. Beneath the surface prosperity of the 1920s, the economy was in trouble. How did popular perceptions of prosperity influence the election of 1928. Americans thought the nation would continue to prosper under Republican leadership. How did speculation and margin buying cause stock prices to rise. They caused over investment as people ignored the risks and bought more than they could pay for. What happened on October 29, 1929. The bottom fell out of the market and the nation's confidence. How did the stock market crash help cause the Great Depression. It made the collapse of the economy occur more quickly and the depression worst than it could have been What happened to ordinary workers during the Great Depression. Many were out of a job. Others experienced pay cuts and reduced hours. What happened to banks and businesses in the economic collapse. Half of the banks failed. Businesses reduced their goods and services by half the amount of the 1920s or they went bankrupt. How did the Great Depression affect other countries. Europe could not buy American goods or pay America its debts How did the Great Depression affect the world economy. World trade dropped How did the decrease in world trade affect overall economic activity. Caused unemployment to rise globally Why did people in cities live in shacks and wait in bread lines. People during the Great Depression could not afford rent or food because there were no jobs so they lived in shacks. How did competition for jobs impact race relations during the Great Depression. Non-whites were paid less and they were targets for violence for taking those less paid jobs. Why did many farm families leave their land during the Great Depression. The banks took the land from them Why did so many men leave their homes during the Great Depression. Many men were disheartened by their inability to support their families and so abandoned them. Others hoped to find work and send money home to their families. How did the Great Depression affect women. Many women had to manage tight household budgets; women encountered opposition in holding jobs outside the home. How did the Great Depression affect children. Many children suffered from poor diets and inadequate health care; many child welfare programs and even schools were shut down From what long-lasting psychological consequences did the Great Depression survivors suffer. Personal depression, living in poverty, thriftiness Why was Hoover reluctant to help people during the Depression. He believed that Americans should remain optimistic and continue with business as usual. What were some of Hoover's key convictions about govt.? Hoover believed that reason could solve problems, that govt should foster cooperation between competing groups, and that individuals, charities, and private organizations should help care for the less fortunate. What types of action did Hoover taker to remedy the effects of the Depression. He took simple steps of asking employers not to fire employers and labor leaders not to demand more from businesses. Why do you think people blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties. Americans look to their leaders for results, and Hoover wasn't getting results. Name one of the projects proposed by Hoover.. Federal Home Loan Bank Act (Federal Farm Board; National Credit Corporation) How effective were these Hoover projects. These projects and measures were not able to turn the economy around. What was the Patnum Bill. It authorized the govt to pay a bonus to WWI veterans who had not been paid before What did the Bonus Army want. They wanted the Patnum Bill to pass Congress. What happened when the Patnum Bill failed in the Senate. President Hoover told the Bonus Army to leave. Most of them did leave. What happened to the Bonus Army that stayed. The US Army forced the Bonus Army to leave with tear gas. How did the treatment of the Bonus Army affect President Hoover. No one liked him anymore Labor Effects Child labor was regulated and worker's rights were protected. Agricultural Effects Surplus crops and federal aid to farmers. Bank Effects The Security and Exchange Commission used to help restore confidence in the banks and the stock markets. Social Welfare Effects (Social Security) Gave help from the government to families with disabilities. A retirement plan was set for all families Environment Effects Civilian Conservation Corps Planted Trees created hiking trails built fire lookout towers. Women Gains women made under the New Deal: received gov't positions, employment increased for women in labor, and Frances Perkins was the first woman secretary of labor. Problems of Women not solved by the New Deal: -there was more discrimination for women working because men were blaming them for taking away their jobs. African Americans Gains: -more African Americans got key positions in government -Mary McLeod Bethune was the first woman to promote opportunities for young African Americans Problems How did Mexican Americans and Native Americans fare under the New Deal. Mexican Americans were less benefited by the New Deal compared to African Americans. They were working in farms, and during this time the wage for farmers decreased. Native Americans got economic, cultural, and political changes. The New Deal Coalition An alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party. Labor Union an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. In contrast to the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, the 1930s emphasized simplicity and thrift. Although styles tended to reflect the glamour of contemporary movies, clothes themselves were mended before being replaced, and the invention of synthetic fibres led to the use of washable, practical, easy-care fabrics. Many who could not afford books or periodicals spent time reading in libraries. Inexpensive amusements included backyard games, puzzles, card games, and board games such as Monopoly, which was introduced in 1935. Even the national pastime, baseball, changed profoundly during the Great Depression. Major League rosters and players’ salaries were cut, 14 minor leagues were eliminated, and, in an effort to bolster attendance that had fallen by more than 40 percent by 1933, night games were introduced. And with the end of Prohibition in 1933, nightclubs became legitimate places not only to consume liquor but to socialize, dance, enjoy the entertainment, and be seen wearing the latest fashions. Because radio and film reached many more people than novels or plays, some intellectuals believed that the mass media might be the most effective weapon for radicalizing Americans. Yet, predictably, the radio networks and the Hollywood studios, as commercial enterprises, were more interested in entertaining than in indoctrinating the masses. Monopoly board game A 1935 edition of the board game Monopoly. It became a popular amusement during the Great Depression. Used with permission. Although Hollywood was filled with people sympathetic to the political left—people who frequently contributed money to the labour movement or the Spanish Republicans or who were indispensable in organizing the Screen Actors, Writers, and Directors guilds—little of this political activism left an imprint on the screen. Jack Benny Jack Benny. The most memorable films of the decade (particularly those made at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, and Twentieth Century-Fox ) were musicals, screwball comedies, and romances. Only Warner Brothers specialized in movies, usually gangster sagas, about the violence and poverty of slum life, a life the embattled hoodlum protagonists always yearned to escape. What many of Hollywood’s movies really had in common—even the spectacles of director Busby Berkeley and the dazzling duets of Fred Astaire and his frequent partner Ginger Rogers —was a soundtrack peppered with hard-boiled, even cynical, staccato chatter reminiscent of Walter Winchell ’s gossip columns in the newspapers and on the radio. The fast-talking guys and dames of 1930s movies—like the contemporaneous music and lyrics of George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart —were the product of a culture both urban and urbane; the movies and the music depended on clever allusions and witty dialogue, written or composed mostly by sophisticated Manhattanites. One could never imagine Cary Grant, Fred Astaire, Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Rosalind Russell, Claudette Colbert, or the Marx Brothers portraying rural hayseeds or working stiffs. Nor was it possible to envision the gangsters, as played by Edward G. Robinson or James Cagney, asking passing strangers if they could spare a dime. The characters they played all lived in a world of posh furniture and polished floors, of well-cut suits and gowns, of elegant nightclubs filled with cigarette smoke and champagne and piano music, a world far removed from the one movie audiences inhabited. Some of the music of the 1930s tried to assuage the social suffering. Indeed, from Lew Brown and Ray Henderson’s “Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries” (1931) to Al Dubin and Harry Warren ’s “We’re in the Money” (1933), many of the era’s popular songs were suffused in buoyant optimism. The emphatic “Happy Days Are Here Again” (1929) could be heard just about anywhere, whether as a political jingle for Roosevelt’s 1932 presidential campaign or as the theme song for the Your Hit Parade radio show, launched in 1935. By mid-decade the Benny Goodman Orchestra had ushered in the swing era, popularizing a style of big band jazz that had been pioneered a decade earlier by African American ensembles led by Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington. Dance-oriented and relentlessly upbeat, swing was not a palliative for hopelessness; it was tonic for recovery. While Bing Crosby could sing “Just remember that sunshine always follows the rain” in “Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams” (1931), he also recorded “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” in the same year. Folk songs from the period, many recorded as part of the Federal Music Project’s archival work, provide an especially vivid index of the deprivation suffered by ordinary Americans. Among the folksingers “discovered” through the field recordings of folklorists such as John Lomax and Alan Lomax was Leadbelly (Huddie Ledbetter), an ex-convict who gained fame for the songs he wrote about African American life during the Great Depression. No folk singer-songwriter, however, is more inextricably linked to the music of hardship and protest than Woody Guthrie. An Oklahoman, he took to the road at the height of the Dust Bowl era, frequenting hobo and migrant camps on his way to California, where he first popularized his songs about the plight of Dust Bowl refugees. With politically charged songs such as “(If You Ain’t Got the) Do Re Mi,” “Union Made,” “Tom Joad” (inspired by The Grapes of Wrath ), and “This Land Is Your Land,” Guthrie became a mythic figure who continued his support of labour and radical politics (including his involvement with the Communist Party) long after most American intellectuals had abandoned them.