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honda vtx1800 vtx1800c factory service manual 2002 2009The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Used: Very GoodPlease choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.Seven reasons why you should study with this book: 1. This book was prepared by Angelo Tropea, bestselling author of exam preparation books. He has more than 30 years experience in preparing candidates for exams. 2. The book covers in detail the following 7 types of questions and excludes material not relevant to this specific test, such as general test-taking discussions about civil service and long discussions about benefits which do not help you attain a higher score. Written Comprehension Written Expression Problem Sensitivity Deductive Reasoning Spatial Orientation Visualization Arithmetic Ability 3. The book contains valuable explanations and hints for each type of question, all based on experience and live classes conducted in prior years. 4. Carefully crafted exercises (with explanatory answers) are provided for practice and to increase proficiency and confidence. 5. A comprehensive practice exam is provided, with the answers explained. 6. The large format of this book (8.5 X 11 inches) maximizes the clarity of informational tables, street maps, and other images. 7. The price of this book is a small amount to invest for such a large return. Study with this valuable book - and prepare for success! Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. He has more than 30 years experience preparing candidates for civil service exams.Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon.http://olymp-kiev.com/temp/fckeditor/ford-mustang-2000-repair-manual.xml

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It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. Please try again later. Toranio D. 5.0 out of 5 stars Took the sanitation test a few weeks after and scored a hundred. Book gave me a heads up.Give it a look if you want to succeedStill awaiting the results. The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. The DSNY has no age limitation for qualified candidates. The number of candidates taking the exam has increased dramatically in recent years, reflecting the desirability of the profession. In order to succeed against this increased competition, the candidate must be prepared to tackle the unique question types found on the exam. This book contains the most up to date and accurate information to help you prepare for the NYC Sanitation Worker Exam. Written using lessons learned from the last exam this manual squarely prepares the reader for the question types found on the upcoming exam. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Show details Hide details Choose items to buy together. Ships from and sold by Pep Books. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. Please try again later. David Schneider 5.0 out of 5 stars. Learn More. To investigate the potential for health effects of exposure at these levels, we conducted a pilot study of subway workers comparing personal exposures to steel dust with biomarkers of metal exposure, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in blood and urine samples. We found that PM 2.5 exposures varied among subway workers on the basis of job title and job activity. The observed concentrations of PM 2.5, iron, manganese, and chromium fell well below occupational standards. Biomarker concentrations among the 39 subway workers were compared with a group of 11 bus drivers, and a group of 25 suburban office workers.http://www.tis.az/userfiles/ford-mustang-2005-manual.xml Urinary isoprostane concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of years working in the subway system, and were detected at higher, though not significantly higher, concentrations in subway workers than in bus drivers or office workers. At the group level, there was no consistent pattern of biomarker concentrations among subway workers significantly exceeding those of the bus drivers and office workers. At the individual level, steel dust exposure was not correlated with any of the biomarkers measured. Keywords: Manganese, Chromium, PM 2.5, Biomonitoring, Subway 1. Introduction The subway is increasingly recognized as a unique and important microenvironment for air pollution research ( Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2007 ). Suspended particulate matter in subway systems differs from street-level particulate matter with respect to particulate morphology, size distribution, concentration, and chemical composition. Because of the fundamental differences between subway particles and street-level particles, we cannot infer the potential health effects of exposure to suspended particulate matter in the subway based on the health effects known to be associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter ( Seaton et al., 2005 ). In this pilot study, we focus our attention on the potential health effects of those metals that are most enriched in the New York City subway environment relative to street-level particulate matter: iron, manganese, and chromium ( Chillrud et al., 2004 ). Prior studies in several cities have shown that concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM) in the subway are generally elevated above street-level concentrations ( Table 1 ). Subway particulate matter concentrations vary widely as does the ratio of subway to street-level particulate matter concentrations. The New York City subway system currently uses steel wheels, ceramic composite brake shoes, and regenerative breaking ( Cudahy, 2003 ).http://www.bouwdata.net/evenement/dstv-990-decoder-manual Table 1 Comparison of particulate matter (PM) concentrations in subway systems with PM concentrations in outdoor air samples. Rail systems are shown according to the age of the subway system from oldest to newest.They are not representative of 24 h integrated exposure.While choosing the subway as a mode of transport may have a relatively small effect on a commuter’s total daily PM 2.5 exposure, the effect on their total daily particulate metal exposure will be more pronounced. Studies in Toronto and London designed to detect the effects of the introduction of the gasoline additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) on automobile drivers’ manganese exposures inadvertently detected the effects of the manganese-enriched subway environment on subway commuters. The Toronto study found that the best predictor of manganese in personal air samples was time spent in the subway ( Crump, 2000 ). The London study found that office workers, roughly half of whom commuted by subway, had blood manganese levels significantly higher than those of taxi drivers ( Pfeifer et al., 1999 ). In New York, a study whose primary goal was to understand the personal exposure pathways of air toxics for high school students, found that subway steel dust was the dominant source of exposure to airborne iron, chromium, and manganese for the students enrolled in the study who used the subway ( Chillrud et al., 2004 ). The deleterious effects of particulate metal exposure at high concentrations have been documented in toxicological, animal, and epidemiological studies. When compared to aboveground PM, subway PM sampled in Stockholm was found to be eight times more likely to induce DNA damage and four times more likely to cause oxidative stress in cultured lung cells ( Karlsson et al., 2005 ). Particles sampled from three London subway stations were found to have greater inflammatory potential and greater capacity to induce DNA damage in cultured human epithelial cells than aboveground particulate matter ( Seaton et al., 2005 ). Karlsson et al. (2008) found that the genotoxicity of subway particles may be due to their ability to form intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous epidemiological studies of welders have documented significant associations between exposure to welding fumes and disease endpoints ( Antonini, 2003 ), such as pneumonia ( Palmer et al., 2003 ), siderosis ( Doherty et al., 2004 ), and neurological disorders such as Parkinsonism ( Aschner et al., 1999 ). Welding fumes and subway particulates are both enriched in Fe, Mn, and Cr, though welding fumes have a finer size distribution and exposures typically occur at much higher concentrations than those that have been observed in subway environments. The pro-inflammatory effects of soluble transition metals have been demonstrated in vitro ( McNeilly et al., 2004 ), and animal models suggest that soluble transition metals, with iron the most prevalent species, may be the primary determinant of acute inflammatory response to ambient particulate matter ( Costa and Dreher, 1997 ). In humans, instillation of metal-rich ambient PM 2.5 in the lungs of healthy human volunteers was found to be associated with greater airway inflammation than instillation of ambient PM 2.5 with lower concentrations of transition metals ( Schaumann et al., 2004 ). If the transition metal content of particulate matter is a primary determinant of the severity of inflammatory response in vitro, and in controlled animal and human experiments, then the subway provides a suitable environment to determine whether an inflammatory response can also be induced by long-term exposure to particulate metals at lower concentrations than those used in the laboratory studies cited above. While there are no known health effects of airborne particulate metal exposure at the levels observed in the study of New York City high school students ( Chillrud et al., 2004 ), investigation of potential health effects from steel dust exposure among adult subway workers seems prudent, given that they spend a greater amount of time in the subway system and that their work-related activities should result in greater per-unit-time exposure levels than those of the public. If there are biological effects of exposure, they may be easier to detect among the subway worker population than among the subway-riding public. While there have been numerous efforts to monitor air quality in subway systems (see Table 1 ) the present study is one of the first to couple personal air monitoring with biological monitoring of study participants. A similar study in Stockholm ( Bigert, 2007 ) found that subway workers with greater exposure to subway particulate matter (platform workers), had significantly higher plasma concentrations of PAI-1, a biomarker of inflammatory response, than subway workers with lower exposures (ticket sellers). In the present study, we characterize the particulate metal exposure of a cross-section of subway workers, and evaluate whether their exposure is associated with biological changes that can result in greater susceptibility to disease. The potential for biological modification at the population level was evaluated by comparing biomarker concentrations in blood and urine samples from 39 subway workers with those from 11 bus drivers and 25 suburban office workers. No environmental monitoring data were collected for the control groups who were assumed to be minimally exposed to particulate iron, manganese, and chromium, based on questionnaire data, and prior ambient air sampling in the New York metropolitan area (Urban outdoor samples) and at the place of work of the office workers (Suburban outdoor samples). The biomarkers used in this study are listed in Table 2. Table 2 Biomarkers measured in urine, plasma and whole blood. Inclusion criteria for all subjects: we selected males, 18 years or older, who had worked continuously in the same job title for at least the past 2 years. Preference was given to non-smokers who did not wear personal protective equipment such as face masks or respirators. Women were excluded because their endogenous iron stores are generally lower than those in men, and since our small study size precluded us from adequately controlling for gender differences. Control subjects who rode the subway more than twice a month were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Columbia University Medical Center Institutional Review Board. 2.1. Personal air monitoring and biological sample collection We enrolled 39 New York City subway workers from a cross-section of job titles with a wide range of anticipated exposure levels. The typical duties of the various job titles are described below. The subway lines where the workers were monitored are given in parentheses. Workers recruited for the study included track construction crews who remove ballast, lay new track, and perform maintenance tasks (A,C,E,6,D,N,R). Track maintenance crews replace rails, change plates, put up conduit, and perform other tasks (4,6,S,N,7,2,3,F,J). Station cleaners hose down the subway platform, clean the tile wall opposite the platform while standing on the tracks, and flag oncoming trains (1,9,F,D,3,4,N,R,L). Each of the overhaul shop workers monitored worked aboveground and performed distinct tasks in distinct locations in this aboveground facility. Train operators drive the train from the lead car while train conductors operate the car doors from the middle of the train (1,9). Construction flaggers work in tunnels and on platforms signaling approaching trains to slow down and warning workers of oncoming trains (D,1,9,6). Refuse train workers spend approximately 3 h a day loading and unloading dumpsters at underground and aboveground stations (D,M,F,G,E). Most of their time is spent on the refuse train. The refuse train does not have an air-conditioning system and particulate matter levels on-board are higher than levels measured on trains with air conditioning and air filtration ( Chillrud et al., 2004 ). The personal air-monitoring campaign began in November 2004 and ended in February 2005. The monitoring period was shorter for those workers thought to have consistent exposures from one shift to the next. Track workers were monitored using a new filter for each work shift because their exposures were expected to be high and to vary appreciably depending on work location and activity. A composite multi-day filter was collected for construction flaggers, station cleaners, overhaul shop workers and refuse train workers, who were expected to have exposures that potentially could be too low to capture accurately in one work shift. All exposures were normalized for total volume of air sampled. At the end of each shift, workers returned the personal air-monitoring equipment and described the location and duration of their job activities. Workers were outfitted with personal air monitors custom-built with a low profile and worn under the arm beneath work jackets to minimize the risk of injury from entanglement with passing trains. Particulates were collected onto 37 mm Teflon membrane filters (Gelman Inc.) in plastic cassettes. The fixed voltage supply powered the timer and the air pump. Filters were analyzed inside a class-100 flow bench for reflectance. Following reflectance measurements, filters were prepared for multi-element analysis by magnetic sector high-resolution inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Aliquots of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1648 (Urban Particulate Matter) were weighed on a microbalance and digested several times during the course of the sample analyses. The SRM aliquots were digested using the same quantities of acids and microwave program. Recoveries for iron, manganese, and chromium were 93, 86, and 92, respectively, of their reported values. Recoveries for all other measured analytes were within 25 of reported values and most were within 12 of reported values. To compare particle size distribution in the subway to aboveground conditions, a light-scattering particle counter (Met-One 237b, Grants Pass, OR) was installed on a refuse collection train for 2 days in February, 2005. The air inlet tube of the particle counter was positioned outside the window of an empty conductor’s cabin. Particle counts were integrated every 30 s. Mean particle counts for the size fractions were compared during a period of approximately 1 h during which the subway train’s trajectory was either continuously underground or continuously aboveground. At the conclusion of the final shift, each worker filled out a study questionnaire and provided a blood sample and a urine sample. The study questionnaire asked workers about their typical job activities, commuting habits, other potential exposures to particulate metals, diet, and use of vitamins and medications. To better understand potential determinants of exposure, questionnaire data for continuous variables (e.g. number of hours spent on track) were compared to average (filter-based) metal exposures. Binary variables (e.g. spends time scraping debris from track) were used to categorize subway workers into two groups that could then be compared for significant differences in exposure levels or biomarker concentrations (see section “Statistical methods” below for more details). A total of 28 mL of blood was collected into four 7 mL vacutainers by a physician or certified phlebotomist in a mobile blood donation vehicle parked near the worksite. Vacutainers were inverted 10 times to mix the anticoagulant (EDTA or sodium heparin) into the blood sample. Urine was collected into 50 mL acid-washed polypropylene tubes. During sample collection, urine and blood samples were stored in a cooler for no more than 3 h, then transferred to a laboratory refrigerator and prepared for analysis. 2.2. Biomarker selection Iron, manganese, and chromium can have toxic biological effects by generating reactive oxygen species through Fenton or Fenton-like chemistry, inducing oxidative stress ( Ali et al., 1995; Costa and Dreher, 1997; Shi et al., 1993 ). The increase in reactive oxygen species disrupts biochemical homeostasis, which can result in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and depletion of the antioxidants that mediate inflammatory response in epithelial cells ( McNeilly et al., 2004; Stohs and Bagchi, 1995 ). We used 15-F 2 t-isoprostane (isoprostane), protein carbonyls, and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) as measures of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, respectively. Blood, plasma, and urine manganese concentrations were measured as biomarkers of Mn exposure. However, Mn absorption and excretion are strongly regulated, maintaining stable tissue levels ( Aschner et al., 2005 ). Since much of the variability in blood and urine Mn concentrations is unrelated to inhalation exposure, urinary and blood Mn may be useful as indicators of exposure on a group basis, but are not considered suitable for use as a biomarker of individual exposure ( Apostoli et al., 2000 ). DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) in lymphocytes were quantified as a measure of DNA damage potentially resulting from inhalation exposure to chromium. Exposure to Cr(VI) has been shown to produce DPC in vitro and in vivo ( Zhitkovich, 2002 ). At low and moderate exposures the dose-response curve has shown good sensitivity, and DPC are not affected by age, race, bodyweight, or gender ( Zhitkovich, 2002 ). Intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of Cr(III) adducts with DNA and proteins ( Zhitkovich, 2002 ). These ternary Cr(III) DNA complexes have been found to be mutagenic in human cells ( Voitkun et al., 1998 ). It is important to note that DPC can also be caused by exposure to nickel, arsenic, formaldehyde, radiation, and other factors ( Barker et al., 2005 ) and that the assay used here is not specific to Cr-induced DNA lesions. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, were measured as a marker of exposure to combustion generated aerosols, with the expectation that concentrations would be higher for bus drivers than for subway workers. Methods for plasma and urine sample preparation were developed in the Trace Metal Core Laboratory at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. Methods for the isoprostane and 8-oxodG assays are described in Rossner et al. (2006). Protocols for the measurement of PAH metabolites are described in Santella et al. (1994). The levels of protein carbonyl groups were assessed using a noncompetitive ELISA, as described in Buss et al. (1997), with some modifications following Marangon et al. (1999). 2.4. Statistical methods Because of the small sample size and because many of the variables were not normally distributed, non-parametric statistical tests were used. These tests do not assume a normal distribution and are based on rank rather than the actual value of the quantity measured. All group-level comparisons discussed below are the results of Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for equality of medians ( Mathworks Inc, 2002 ). However, urinary creatinine concentrations have also been found to be dependent on age, muscle mass, race, red meat intake, and other factors ( Barr et al., 2005 ). At the individual level, partial correlation was used to control for the effects of creatinine and BMI on associations between urinary biomarkers and exposure metrics, as suggested by Barr et al. (2005). For group-level comparisons, results are shown with and without creatinine normalization. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Personal air-monitoring results Subway worker PM 2.5 concentrations varied on the basis of job activity and job title ( Table 3 ). Construction flaggers, refuse train workers and overhaul shop workers were exposed to intermediate concentrations of PM 2.5 and steel dust. Track construction and track maintenance workers were exposed to the highest concentrations of steel dust. Exposures for the same individuals varied substantially from one night to the next, depending on job activity and job location. For example, scraping dry impacted material from the tracks was the dirtiest activity monitored, but when the impacted material was wet, exposures were reduced by a factor of eight.Participants lived in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. Results for urban outdoor air samples are given as an example of outdoor air quality in New York City.Each of the 20 samples integrates 48 h of monitoring. However, these air quality standards are not ideal benchmarks for evaluating health risks in this case because they are intended to be compared with stationary samples from outdoor environments averaged over 24 h, rather than personal air samples from enclosed spaces averaged over 8 h work shifts. Furthermore, the difference was largely due to higher particulate matter concentrations in the subway. Since a quantitative characterization of exposure levels for the various job titles was lacking at the outset of this study, it was necessary to collect this information by enrolling subway workers from a cross-section of job titles with a wide range of exposure levels. However, the wide range of exposure levels also weakened our ability to detect biological differences between the exposed and control groups at the group level. The exposure levels for various job titles determined in this study may provide a useful basis for developing enrollment criteria in future studies of subway workers. 3.2. Determinants of exposure Self-reported information about work location and work activity provided some details regarding potential determinants of exposure. The six workers who spent any time scraping had fewer years of experience, on average, working in the subway system (4.7 years) than those who did not (11.3 years). This observation raises the possibility that individual exposures may decrease over time as workers self-select out of job activities with higher exposures. The percentage of iron in the particulate matter to which subway workers were exposed varied widely, from 14 for overhaul shop workers to 43 for train operators and conductors. In contrast, train operators and conductors are exposed to particulate matter that is already suspended or that has been re-suspended by the train. This relatively high percentage of iron is consistent with the high levels of particulate metals detected in particulate matter vacuumed from 13 air-conditioning filters, which act as bulk samplers of suspended particulates in the subway system. These data were compared to aboveground observations collected over 6 weeks during the summer of 1999 outside a residential building in Harlem. The image demonstrates the wide range of particle sizes present (submicron to super-micron). Most particles are angular in shape, consistent with abrasion of metal surfaces. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis of dozens of particles provided their elemental composition; the vast majority were rich in iron oxides and presumably subway-derived. Spectra and micrographs by Dee Breger, Director of Microscopy, Drexel University. 3.4. Demographic characteristics of study subjects A summary of the demographic characteristics of the control and exposed groups is given in Table 4. Results are reported here for both bus drivers and office workers, however, neither of these groups is drawn from an ideal control population. The office workers recruited lived mostly outside of New York City (88 compared to 28 of subway workers) and had a significantly lower body mass index on average than subway workers. While information about participant’s race was not collected as part of the study, we estimated that 26 of the 39 subway workers were African-American, while 21 of the 25 office workers were non-hispanic whites. Given these substantive differences between control and exposed populations, observed differences in biomarker concentrations cannot be attributed with certainty to differences in particulate metal exposure. Table 4 Demographic data for subway workers, bus drivers and office workers.No such evidence was found. Urinary isoprostanes, Cr in plasma, and DPC were detected at higher levels in subway workers than in the bus drivers control group ( Table 5 ), but these biomarkers were not found to be associated with steel dust exposures. It is possible that the biomarkers of oxidative stress selected for this study (protein carbonyls, urine 8oxo-dG, and isoprostanes) were too specific, and therefore did not adequately capture general oxidative response. Table 5 Comparison of median concentrations of biomarkers in urine, plasma and whole blood.Significance levels are calculated based on Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for equality of means and are indicated as follows. Results for biomarkers with a significant difference between subway workers and the bus driver group or subway workers and the office worker group, are shown in bold.There were differences in creatinine status between the relatively sedentary office workers, the bus drivers, and the more active subway workers. Creatinine-normalized urinary manganese and 8-oxodG concentrations were significantly higher in the office worker control group samples than in subway worker samples, but the differences was driven entirely by differences in creatinine, i.e. there was no significant difference in the raw urinary manganese and 8-oxodG concentrations. 3.7. PAH metabolites As expected, concentrations of PAH metabolites were higher for bus drivers than for subway workers or office workers. While personal inhalation exposure to PAH was not measured, the difference in PAH metabolite concentrations suggests that occupational air pollution exposures and the risk conveyed by those exposures are different for subway workers and bus drivers as a result of their distinct workplace environments. Of the 39 subway workers, four held jobs before they began working for the Transit Authority that had potential for high exposures to particulate metals. Of the 39 subway workers, four held jobs before they began working for the Transit Authority that had the potential for high exposures to particulate metals. A crosshatch is used to indicated the sample points corresponding to these four workers. We are not aware of any prior study that has found a relationship between isoprostane concentrations and cumulative exposure to transition metals. There was no significant difference between subway workers’ and office workers’ plasma Cr and DPC concentrations. For example, Medeiros et al. (2003) found that both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) exposed workers had elevated levels of plasma Cr and DPC as compared to controls, and an in vitro study by Zhitkovich et al. (1996) showed that erythrocyte chromium levels were correlated with lymphocyte DPC. Measurement of urinary isoprostane concentrations has proved to be a reliable means to assess oxidative stress in vivo ( Montuschi et al., 2004 ).